Step by Wicked Step Free Essays

Venture BY WICKED STEP Themesâ ~ Step By Wicked Step Family connections Coping with new relatives for instance Pixie comprehends that her new stepmother is experiencing as much difficulty ‘adjusting’ as she seems to be. Family solidarity The core of virtues, â€Å"the family unit,† is being attacked by outcasts (‘step’ or ‘steps’) and this causes disharmony. Managing misfortunes Young youngsters and grown-ups may discover challenges managing dissatisfactions, fears and trouble. We will compose a custom article test on Venture by Wicked Step or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Being upbeat ‘Life has given us one hard blow, there is no purpose behind us to be miserable for ever’. For instance, Claudia acknowledges it isn't reasonable for despise her new stepmother, Stella. Think long enough before settling on a choice Richard Harwick settled on an ill-advised choice to flee and that had changed the lives of his stepfather, mother and sister. Kin competition Resentful advance kin cause weight and threatening vibe in a home. Adapting to change All agony in the end mends and that we have the ability to improve things. Being bold Characters like Claudia and Pixie are courageous as they admit to their own spoiled conduct. Managing Separation and Divorce It manages a social marvel that numerous individuals are encountering, the possibility of a separation as by one way or another shocking. Partition and separate, and the occasions paving the way to them, interferes with the solidness and consistency that youngsters need. Venture BY WICKED STEP Synopsis By Chapterâ ~ Step By Wicked Step Chapter 1-Chapter 7 Step By Wicked Step †Chapter 1 It is coming down. Mr. Plumley and five understudy from Stagfire School are heading off to a hauntedâ house in a minibus. Ralpha, Claudia, Robbo, Collin and Pixie have been selected by Miss O’Dell and grouped into the minibus with Mr. Plumley. At the point when they reach Creepsville, they think it is spooky. The last gathering tells stories of abnormal shadows andâ footsteps and spooky figures in white gownâ dissolving through the dividers. There are no lights and Mr. Plumley is alarmed to settle the understudies in black as night. Theyâ go upstairs as they pass by oil painted representations of Harwicks of any age gazing at them. As it is a stormy night, Pixie favored security in larger groups. They have a standard â€Å"each room is for either young ladies or young men. † Mr. Plumley doesn't have the foggiest idea about the standard. He advises the students to settle in while  he goes to search for the maid. Robbo chooses to investigate a few additional steps. He discovers two additional beds and a washroom. The young men take the current room then Claudia and Pixie take the other. Colin focuses at the divider. He demands there is an entryway on the divider. When there is lightning, every one of them see the decorated entryway meeting the decorated divider. As they go into the room, webs show nobody has been there. A pinnacle off a pinnacle. The rack, work area and seat are loaded up with dust. Claudia sees a wooden dairy animals adjusting on  three legs. She strokes its nose. Abruptly, she hears a delicate sound behind her. Robbo sets a globe of the world to turn on its hub. By glancing around, they reached a resolution that the last youngster who rested in it originated from a rich family. They discover it is a boy’s room. Claudia sees a dusty green collection in spidery composition on the spread. Richard Clayton Harwick †My Story. Readâ and Weep. They hear the black out thunder of the transport. Different kids have shown up. The 5 kids hurry to their rooms and claim to be sleeping soundly. They would prefer not to botch the opportunity to peruse the collection. Very few get an opportunity to peep  into somebody else’s life and relatively few individuals are sufficiently valiant to reveal to you their story. When Miss O’Dell and Mr. Plumley go to the principal tower room, they feel that the youngsters are sleeping soundly because of sluggishness. Miss O’Dell keeps on saying that the five youngsters share something practically speaking. Mr. Plumley is confused as nothing appeared to be basic in the five. Pixie is a difficulty creator. Claudia is reasonable. Ralph is sharp and persevering not at all like Colin who likes to  daydream. Robbo is soccer-distraught. As Miss O’Dell goes down, the lights return once more. She closes the pinnacle entryway leaving the five youngsters who have been tuning in to their discussion. Venture By Wicked Step †Chapter 2 The five youngsters are sitting tight in an old house for the remainder of their school gathering to show up. They run over an old composition composed by a kid who fled when his mom remarried after his father’s demise. Richard’s Story-Master Richard’s father had a fever. His mom attempted her best to urge his dad to eat something-yet it was of no utilization. Richard got some information about his dad. Richard calls him Mr Digby. Mr Digby didn't answer him however embraced him hard. Lucy the house keeper sat by Richard’s bedside. When Richard inquired as to whether it would have been today,she set her finger all the rage and said â€Å"Hush! Don’t even talk about it. Little Charlotte shouted to Richard and disclosed to him that Papa needed to see him. He ran as quick as possible. He went over Reverend Coldstone however didn't stop in spite of the fact that he was asked to. The reverend was irate. His mom was holding up at the entryway and reminded him not to cry. His dad requested that he regard his mom and sister. His final words were â€â€Å"Obey your mother’s wishes exactly. At the house of prayer, Mr. Coldstone reassured his mom. Richard heard him state - â€Å"When you are mine†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Richard learned at Mordanger school. He loathed it there. Presently he was home. Charlotte understood that Richard detested his stepfather. Richard denounces that Charlotte had disregarded their dad. Charlotte denied it and prompted him not to charge Mr Coldstone as the killer when their dad kicked the bucket of fever. By and by, Richard had chosen to leave them three. Richard wrote in his journal that he worked in a boat. At whatever point he expounded on Mr Coldstone, he refered to him as the ‘black bat’. Twice his boat halted at his old neighborhood and he visited his home just to stand like a trespasser. It had been quite a while since Richard had been home. Abruptly, he saw a note on the Captain’s table. He discovered that his mom and stepfather had kicked the bucket. Charlotte kept in touch with him a letter. In the letter, Charlotte composed that things had been troublesome as their mom went through a great deal of cash searching for him and they all endured Mr Coldstone’s outrage. Charlotte wedded Charles Devere in spite of the fact that she didn't cherish him since he had cash and was eager to spend it to search for Richard. This would be the main letter from her. Venture By Wicked Step †Chapter 3 Claudia’s Story: Green Pajamas Claudia’s Mum and Dad fought a great deal. At some point, her Dad was gone to Granny’s house. Be that as it may, he dropped by for tea. Claudia caught the name â€Å"Stella†. Her Mum and even Granny had a line with Dad. Father typically met Claudia at Granny’s. She missed her Dad to such an extent. The occasions went through with her Dad continued flooding back. She needed things back the manner in which they used to be. Just because, Claudia had a different Christmas. Afterward, she was acquainted with Stella who was downright and drab. Claudia thought her mum was a mess preferred investigating Stella. Claudia was impolite when they took a walk. Once back, they fought and the following day, Dad moved out of Granny’s house straight into with Stella. Claudia met her Dad now and again. Stella avoided it. She just made some light discussion with Claudia like getting some information about her companions and school. Those minutes she would think about her mum doing the house errands. In the wake of conversing with her companion, Shreela, Claudia quit accusing Stella. Father and Stella orchestrated a gathering for their companions. Claudia was sent there for the afternoon. Amenably, she pardoned herself from the gathering and remained in her room. Stella was soothed. To clear something up, Claudia chose to listen in. She wore the green night wear given by Stella as it was the specific shade of green of the goliath greenery. She sat next to the plant and tune in to everything the grown-ups first floor were talking. The visitors talked about everything aside from about Mum, Dad, Stella or Claudia. No one applauded Stella for the food nor even addressed her. Claudia found that extremely discourteous as her Mum was not there. Claudia, unfit to stand the treatment Stella was getting, shown up at the gathering and expressed gratitude toward Stella for the excellent night robe she had brought for her. At long last, everybody began seeing Stella. Concerning Claudia and Stella, this was the beginning stage. Stella would instruct Claudia how to stitch, read maps, change electric fittings and how to skate. Venture By Wicked Step †Chapter 4 Colin portrays his stepfather whom he calls father. He has thought of him as his natural dad at the same time. His father appears as though him. His father has dim hair with some dark patches around his ears. His father used to reveal own cigarettes out of tobacco in a tin. His father calls him by many epithets Col, Collie, Sonny-kid, Buster, Mr Bluebird. Colin’s mum works in a shop. His father strolls him to class and back. His father got him his tea and took him to the recreation center. At the recreation center, he used to swing as high as the bar, he swings back so that his father would call him â€The Bluebird of Happiness. At that point, Colin’s mum removed him and moved. It happened when Colin’s father had gone to go through a day with his sister. Two companions of his mum accompanied a van and stuffed everything. At that point they went off. From the start, he figured his father will go along with them later. Colin was distraught classmates would snigger when he didn't get things. Mum got a new line of work at a bottle. She would be occupied with doing family unit tasks when she returned home. Mum was too occupied to even think about listening to him. He contrasted her and his father his father used to converse with him and rememb

Weekly questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week by week questions - Assignment Example Clearly, US organizations are tending towards re-appropriating their client assistance capacities to organizations that recruit staff equipped for imparting smoothly in Spanish or English. While greater part of worldwide US organizations have staff that is multi-lingual, a large portion of them would in any case like to enlist organizations that have a comparative social proclivity (Cromie and Zott, 2014). Consequently, they will in general be bound to re-appropriate capacities to areas that share a comparable culture, in this manner inclining toward close shoring. Albeit American organizations have profited colossally from seaward redistributing before, the expanding interests in client care has made them mindful of the expenses of miscommunication on their general business. The US, starting at 2013, had a few exchange endorses and embargoes against a few nations, including forcing embargoes on arms-related fares, money related limitations, financial help limitations, and double use sends out controls. The ban against Cuba is one model, which includes budgetary, financial, and business limitations initially forced in 1960 and further reached out in 1962 to cover practically all types of imports (Coy, 2012). An arms-exchange ban has been in power since 1958 when Cuban agitators headed by Fidel Castro held onto American properties and nationalized them. Likewise, further activities to nationalize all exclusive organizations prompted a ban on all Cuban earthy colored sugar imports. The US government reacted to Castro’s Cold War arrangement with the USSR by extending the extent of exchange ban limitations, particularly after Cuba facilitated USSR rockets on their region (Coy, 2012). This brought about freezing of Cuban resources in the US and solidification of every single existing limitation. At long last, in the wake of the shooting of unarmed US planes that slaughtered four US residents in 1992, the Helms-Burton Act confined dealing of property reallocated by the Cuban government

Introduction to the Masters Admissions Essay

Introduction to the Master's Admissions EssayThis article will introduce you to the Master's admissions essay samples and then explain what they are and why they are relevant to your application. They will be critical to any Master's application, whether you are applying to a college or university for your Master's in education, or a Master's in business administration, or even a Master's in art history, as these essay samples are based on real life situations, and it is the stories that most students appreciate, and relate to them, when reading the text.An admission essay can be one of the most difficult parts of any application process. You will need to show that you are prepared for the rigors of university life, and how you have grown and developed over the course of your academic career. While there are many ways to make your essay more professional and personal, using these specific Master's admission essay samples, will help to make your essay stand out from the crowd, and hel p it stand out above all the others, because it is the story of your life, the one that has made you the person that you are.The first thing that should be known about Masters admissions essay samples is that they come in many different forms. The common themes that appear in most admission essays are self-awareness, reflection, research, and critique. Each of these areas, will be used to develop a particular facet of your overall personality, and so by studying the basic criteria in each area, you can become better at them, and thus your application will be more focused.For example, if you were a researcher in the past and in the present, then you will be writing about your life experience, which will help your application. However, if you are in the present, with a better life experience than your applicants, then you should write a narrative analysis, which will help your application. If you want to use these specific Master's admission essay samples for your application, then re member that it is not necessary to be a historian, or someone who writes in the field of history, because the Essay is focused on the real world people, and their experiences.By looking for the common stories that you can use in your essay, you will be better prepared to meet the admissions requirements. These may include common events in your life, and the changes that have occurred, like whether you have started a new job, had a baby, or lost a loved one. The story of your life, like these, can be used in these essays, as well as any other personal story that you would like to share.The questions that are asked during an admission essay are almost always the same, as most applicants are asked to describe their highest academic achievement, and what motivates them to do their best in school. Many will also be asked about their family background, as well as their communities.To prepare for your admission essays, you will need to know where to find these specific samples, and how to use them. These Master's admission essay samples are commonly found online, but you should remember that not all of these are official university guides, and some are not free. However, you can often find a number of resources online for less than $50, which will help you prepare, and get started on the right foot.You will find a great deal of assistance for Master's admission essays, but the personal essays must be unique and well written. So use the many Master's admission essay samples that are available, and start planning your Master's application today!

Bus Stop, a 1955 Broadway Play by William Inge

William Inges comedy, Bus Stop, is filled with sentimental characters and a slow-but-pleasant, slice-of-life storyline. Although dated, Bus Stop manages to charm its modern audience, if only due to our inherent longing for a simpler, more innocent past. Most of William Inges plays are a mixture of comedy and drama. Bus Stop is no different. It premiered on Broadway in 1955, just on the heels of Inges first Broadway success, Picnic. In 1956, Bus Stop was brought to the silver screen, starring Marilyn Monroe in the role of Cherie. The Plot Bus Stop takes place inside a street-corner restaurant in a small Kansas town about thirty miles west of Kansas City. Due to icy conditions, an inter-state bus is forced to stop for the night. One by one, the bus passengers are introduced, each with their own quirks and conflicts. The Romantic Leads Bo Decker is a young ranch-owner from Montana. He has just fallen head-over-heels for a nightclub singer named Cherie. In fact, he has fallen so wildly in love with her (mainly because he just lost his virginity), he has whisked her onto a bus with the assumption that the young lady will marry him. Cherie, on the other hand, is not exactly going along for the ride. Once she arrives at the bus stop, she informs the local sheriff, Will Masters, that she is being held against her will. What unfolds during the course of the evening is Bos macho attempt at luring her into marriage, followed by a humbling fist-fight with the sheriff. Once he is put in his place, he begins to see things, especially Cherie, differently. Ensemble Characters Virgil Blessing, Bos best friend, and father-figure is the wisest and kindest of the bus passengers. Throughout the play, he tries to educate Bo on the ways of women and the civilized world outside of Montana. Dr. Gerald Lyman is a retired college professor. While at the bus stop cafe, he enjoys reciting poetry, flirting with the teenage waitress, and steadily increasing his blood-alcohol levels. Grace is the owner of the little restaurant. She is set in her ways, having gotten used to being alone. She is friendly, but not trusting. Grace doesnt get too attached to people, making the bus stop an ideal setting for her. In a revealing and amusing scene, Grace explains why she never serves sandwiches with cheese: GRACE: I guess Im kinda self-centered, Will. I dont care for cheese mself, so I never think torder it for someone else. The young waitress, Elma, is the antithesis of Grace. Elma represents youth and naivete. She lends a sympathetic ear to the misbegotten characters, especially the old professor. In the final act, it is revealed that Kansas City authorities have chased Dr. Lyman out of town. Why? Because he keeps making advances on high-school girls. When Grace explains that old fogies like him cant leave young girls alone, Elma is flattered instead of disgusted. This spot is one of many in which Bus Stop shows its wrinkles. Lymans desire for Elma is shaded in sentimental tones, whereas a modern playwright would probably handle the professors deviant nature in a much more serious manner. Pros and Cons Most of the characters are very willing to talk the night away as they wait for the roads to clear. The more they open their mouths, the more clichà © the characters become. In many ways, Bus Stop feels like antiquated sit-com writing -- which is not necessarily a bad thing; though it does make the writing feel dated. Some of the humor and the comradery taste a bit stale (especially the talent show that Elma coerces the others into). The finest characters in the play are the ones who dont blather as much as the others. Will Masters is the tough-but-fair sheriff. Think of Andy Griffiths amiable nature backed up by Chuck Norris ability to kick butt. Thats Will Masters in a nutshell. Virgil Blessing, perhaps the most admirable character in Bus Stop, is the one who tugs at our heartstrings the most. In the conclusion, when the cafe is closing up, Virgil is forced to stand outside, alone in the dark, frosty morning. Grace says, Im sorry, Mister, but youre just left out in the cold. Virgil replies, mainly to himself, Well... thats what happens to some people. Its a line that redeems the play - a moment of truth that transcends its dated style and its otherwise flat characters. Its a line that makes us wish that the Virgil Blessings and the William Inges of the world would find comfort and solace, a warm place to take off lifes chill.

A Literature Review On Trust - 6131 Words

Literature Review of Trust When we consider popular social theory, trust indicates a certain belief and a sense of assurance that is based on strong but not logically-conclusive evidence, or based on some ones character, their ability, or truth that someone or something has shown over a period of time or over experiences. Trust makes for a sense of being safe or of being free of fear, enough so that one s focus can be on other matters (Spirithome, 2005). Key elements of this definition are its dependance on the foundation of character, its ability and a sense of being safe. Trust is also a public good, according to noted sociologist Giovanni Sartor (Sartor, 2003). Sartor stated if there was no trust, co-operation would end, and the whole fabric of society would collapse. Trust can be defined as the â€Å"belief that someone or something is reliable, good, honest, effective.† High levels of trust promote healthy interactions, whereas low levels of trust undermine constructive relationships. Trust in law enforcement is essential for the belief in the legitimacy of law enforcement, or feeling of obligation to obey the law and defer to decisions made by legal authorities (Friedman, M, 2014). The question is asked, is it necessary for law enforcement to actually have the trust of the public, or is just their approval all that is needed? Clearly, riots indicate a large-scale breakdown in civil order, and can be seen as a glaring collapse of society. While this type of publicShow MoreRelatedUncertainty Risk Trust And Information In Literature Review944 Words   |  4 PagesThe Article, â€Å"Uncertainty, Risk, Trust, and Information: Public Perceptions of Environmental Issues and Willingness to Take Action† written by Reneà © J. Johnson and Michael J. Scicchitano in its current form is unfit for publication. Johnson and Scicchitano should be commended for identifying a gap in our ability to accurately quantify the strength and intensity of environmental concerns. This gap is certainly worthy of further study; however, their execution and attempt to quantify this phenomenaRead MoreModern Leadership: Trust Empowerment - a Literature Review and Discussion3630 Words à ‚  |  15 PagesModern Leadership Abstract 3 Today, leaders must understand the needs of the people they work with. For instant, their needs at the most basic level of income, jobs, housing, health care and their larger needs for a sense of community and mutual trust, for recognition and respect, and for new challenges and visions. In society, leadership is dispersed throughout all segment of the society – government, business, social agencies, associations, the minority communities and so on. The development ofRead MoreA Review of Related Literature on the Role of Trust in Global Virtual Teams1791 Words   |  8 Pages On the other hand, trust, which is a term commonly used for virtual teams is basically, based on, and described to be the reliance on someone to keep their word on the arrangements and responsibilities agreed upon (Piccoli Ives, 2003). Often times, in completing a task, one may be asked to work with or for someone, and the trust between the parties involved plays an important role in the success or failure of completing that assigned task. It is no wonder, then, that trust is a significant factorRead MoreAn Outline for a Research on Oline Shopping Essay566 Words   |  3 Pagesperspective of trust of online sellers and consumer trust in online shopping. Rationale is that online shopping can be researched from many aspects one of which is consumer trust that is caused by multiple categories of trust. 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Moreover, public perceptions of, and experiences with the police have played a critical role in police effectiveness (Beck et al. 1999), and in order for police to prosper and adequately function, they require public support. To date, there have been adequate research and investigations conducted on the level of confidence and general public perception

John Stuart Mill s On Liberty And Utilitarianism Essay

This essay examines and inspects liberty and order conflict based on the writings of philosopher John Stuart Mill, titled On Liberty and Utilitarianism. We will discuss how his philosophical views on equality as fundamental to what it means to be human. We will interpret John Stuart Mill’s theorist view on equality as fundamental to the good or bad functioning of the state? The question and debate we would also raise will be, is equality be integral the arrangements of power? Lastly, we would argue the theorist’s approach to liberty fundamentally influenced the way we view equality in the 21st century. In John Stuart Mill works of On Liberty, the piece focuses and concerns common and social freedom or, to take a gander at it from the opposite perspective, the nature and points of confinement of the power that can honest to goodness be practiced by society over the person. In John Stuart Mill works of Utilitarianism, it offers a possibility for a first standard of ethical quality, a rule that gives us a model recognizing good and bad. The utilitarian applicant is the guideline of utility. We will convey works from both pieces and examine his theoretical/ philosophical values of equality. Despite the fact that all may have concurred that an activity s results for the general satisfaction and happiness were to direct its rightness or misleading quality, the explanations for the acknowledgment of that guideline and the utilizations to which the rule was put changedShow MoreRelatedJohn Forbes Nash Jr.912 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Forbes Nash Jr. and John Stuart Mill were both very important economist. John Forbes Nash Jr. was an American mathematician, and an economist. John Mill was a British Philosopher, economist, moral and political theorist, and was the most influential English-speaking philosopher in the nineteenth century. 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Construction Law In Singapore And Malaysia -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Construction Law In Singapore And Malaysia? Answer: Introduction Building and construction adopt standard form contracts generally but the process of their conclusion performance and remedies available for their breach resembles those applicable under any other form of general contract. The elements required of a valid contract however have to exist for such a contract to be legally enforceable. The contract should have a dispute resolution clause that provides for the manner and forum for resolving disputes arising out of a disputed contract for building and construction. Contracts for building and construction generally employ alternative dispute resolution mechanisms in resolving construction disputes. Arbitration is always preferred as the parties maintain a control over the dispute as to opposed to a judicial process where the control of the dispute resolution process is taken away from the parties. The practical solutions that this paper proposes would majorly form part of the provisions of the main contract document with an exception of a few matters that require specialized treatment that will require inclusion in a facilitating contract that is ancillary to the main contract (Robinson Lavers, 2010, p. 51). The main contract incorporates the facilitating contract through reference; the main contractor shall also have the general supervisory powers over all the contracts relating to the project. The facilitating contracts could be numerous as every specialized works will require different people skilled in varied fields and therefore the need to have each specialist and their duties and responsibilities reduced into writing differently (Chan Suen, H. C. (2015) The relocation of Equipment and Staff The construction contract would relate to the carrying out of works on an already existing Burnaby building which needs to be improved and the floors increased. Naturally, there are persons who are employed by the Portsmouth University and use the building as their work offices together with the equipment they use for their day to day activities in the provision of services to the university. These persons and their equipment will require to be moved to create space for the construction works (Barrie Paulson, 2012, p. 67). There are two options for the moving of staff and equipment; relocating them to already existing structures within the university or to temporary structures built for such purpose. Though the two options are available, there are factors that should be taken into account before settling into one or the other. The most important factor to be considered is the security of both the equipment and the staff. It is natural that security may not be guaranteed if the staff and equipment are moved to some temporary structure with no security. To ensure that both the staff and equipment are safe, relocation would be to the existing structures. Another factor that should be considered is the available space. The number of staff and equipment available might be more than the available space; this would mean that certain equipment especially those that are not used on a daily basis are kept in temporary and makeshift structures but with enhanced security to avoid any loss or destruction that may make the university to incur additional costs in replacing equipment that have been destroyed by bad and unfavorable weather conditions or otherwise stolen (Bruner O'Connor, 2012, p. 48). Considering the available options, the existing structures are preferred when relocating staff and equipment as security is guaranteed. Existing structures would also provide better working environment and conditions to the staff as they should, even when the construction works continues, provide the essential services and support that the university requires to achieve its mandate (Bruner O'Connor, 2012, p. 22). Relocation of staff and equipment normally occurs before the commencement of the construction works. Engaging the main contractor to undertake the relocation of staff and equipment would be very expensive to the university. This would therefore necessitate the negotiating and entering into a facilitating or an enabling contract. This a form of contract that is different from the one of the main contractor which is concluded between the employer and a service provider for the carrying out of specialized works necessary before the main construction works can continue. Relocation of staff and equipment qualifies as a special work since the equipment that are fixed have to be removed by someone who has special training in the use and installation of such equipment (Callon Law, 2009, p. 29). Under the new 2016 JCT, there is provision for the insurance of works to cover damage and injury associated with construction sites. Under clause 6.2, the responsibility and liability that would likely arise rests with the person contracted to undertake such works. The person engaged to undertake the relocation of staff and equipment should be one who is registered and capable of taking out an insurance cover to assist in mitigating any loss or injury likely to occur in a construction site (Bresnen Marshall, 2010, p.21). Loss, injury and damage that results from the acts of negligence of persons engaged in the relocation of equipment and staff, the client has the right to seek and obtain indemnity from the contractor. Clause 6.3 provides that any form of loss and damage that are caused to existing structures and equipment should be borne by the contractor. The clause providing for indemnity is expressly contained in the contract and enjoys the force of law; and can be enforced where a party ignores or neglects his obligation under the contract. The parties are however free to include an exclusion clause when the application of the indemnity clause. Where the loss or damage results from an act that is exempted, indemnity does not arise and the loss will be borne by the employer on his own account. A contractor who is keen in minimizing personal liability for loss, injury and damage should therefore be encouraged to take out an insurance policy cover for any perils that are common in construction sites. This is buttressed by JCT at clause 6.4 which provide for the insurance the works as well as the contractor to cover personal liability which may arise in the performance of the construction works. The said insurance policy should however be taken in the name of the employer in accordance with clauses 6.5.1 and 6.1.5 but the premium paid by the contractor since it relates to personal cover (Gould et al, 2010, p. 84). The relocated equipment as well as the existing structures should be well maintained to ensure the continued safety of the equipment kept therein. Damage to existing structures and equipment is a ground that could lead to repudiation or termination of the contract by either of the parties so as to mitigate and prevent further damage and destruction. However, such loss or damage that motivates a party to terminate a contract should be a material damage. JCT at clause 6.14 lays down the grounds and factors as well as the procedure to be followed when terminating the contract. The party that is desirous in terminating the contract has to issue notice of the intention to terminate within a reasonable time which is usually about 28 days. Where the contract is repudiated or terminated, the liability will on the employer to undertake the repair of the damaged equipment (Fenn et al, 2011, p. 66). In Hersent Offshore SA and Amsterdamse Ballast Beton-Waterbouw BV v. Burmah Oil Tankers Ltd (1978), the question that the court was faced with was a consideration of what amounted to adequate and reasonable notice of the intention to terminate the contract by either of the parties. The court held that notice that is issued long after the works have been completed cannot be said that such notice was issued during the continued performance of the works or before the commencement of the construction works Provisions in the contract document should be drafted in such a manner that is exhaustive, giving each of the parties well defined duties and responsibilities to avoid liability being borne by one party to the contract. Where each of the parties responsibilities and duties under the contract is well laid down, the risks associated and prone in construction contracts are spread to minimize the costs and liability which would otherwise be borne by one party who is at fault or is said to have been negligent The IT and other electrical connectivity and related services are form part and parcel of operations of every organization. In their relocation to the existing structure and/or temporary structures, the persons contracted to undertake such relocation should be extra cautious to limit and prevent any damage as well as loss of any form. Such sensitive matters warrant the engagement of specialists through a facilitating contract specifically concluded between the employer and the specialist in carrying out the relocation of Information Technology as well as equally delicate electrical connections and services. The facilitating contract would then be incorporated into the main contract by way of reference; giving the main contractor supervisory roles over the works carried out by the registered and recognized specialist (Hinze, 2010, p. 41). It is expensive on the employer to undertake the relocation of staff and equipment. To ensure continued minimization of costs and to avoid any instance of delay in the performance of the construction works, the facilitating contract should be concluded under terms that ensure the cost involved is to the minimum. The costs should be checked because such relocation is temporary for a very limited amount of time and upon the successful completion of the construction works, those staff together with their equipment that had undergone relocation would be returned simultaneously especially where there is provision for staged access of the building under construction. A facilitating contract would ensure that the performance of the works is expedited due to division of labor as well as responsibility amongst several persons; and not leaving all the work and decision making to the contractor. The contractor is only charged with supervisory roles as the special works are left to specialists and persons generally trained and instructed to undertake such specialized works involved in building and construction (Richter Mitchell, 2012, p, 63). Construction and Staged access In building and construction, a building under construction is capable of being occupied when the construction works are still continuing. Staged access is commonly seen and practiced in those organizations that engage in the provision of continuous services whose interruption would be detrimental to the mandate of such organizations. This particular project is being undertaken in a university that provides learning services to students in a continuous process over a long period of time and interruption should be kept to the minimum or avoided altogether. To ensure that the provision of services is continuous and uninterrupted, the building should be occupied in stages for example, the lower floors would be completed first to allow for occupation before the upper floors are constructed to allow staff to move in and continue offering services to the students and the university at large. Whereas staged access requires authority to be obtained, the employer has the duty and responsibility if ensuring that such consents are sought and obtained within reasonable time. The building plans in order to ensure staged access would necessitate splitting into smaller factions capable of being treated as independent and separate contracts. This would allow a floor to be completed to allow staged access before proceeding with works on the subsequent floors (Howarth Watson, 2009, p. 57). The new 2016 JCT provides for staged access of buildings under construction. This is provided at clause 2.3.3. The employer is required to seek and obtain consent every time a floor is ready for occupation. Staged access should be contained in the main contract with a clause providing expressly and specifically for staged access of the building under construction. Such clause should however be detailed, providing for detailed procedure and the mode through which such access should be achieved. Staged access of a building under construction can however be expensive depending on the amount of the works involved. For instance, where the building is a storey one, say twenty floors, obtaining consent for each floor will be tedious and expensive However, there are a category of contracts for building and construction where staged access cannot be avoided no matter how expensive its adoption and use is. This being a learning institution, staged access is inevitable since offering services to the university should be provided continuously to the students in the learning institution. In the case of Mistry v Thakor (2005) EWCA Civ. 953, the plaintiff was hit and sustained injuries as a result of being fell on by a cladding from a building adjacent to where the applicant was as he walked on a public road. The court found that the property manager was guilty of negligence by failing to warn that the panels on the subject building were dangerous and could cause serious injury to passers-by. Pre-cautions should therefore be in place to ensure that students and members of staff are safe and not exposed to any situation that may occasion injury to them. This should also extend to members of the public especially where the building is located adjacent to a public way (Cushman Myers, 2009, p. 39). Information Technology Services When undertaking the relocation of the staff and equipment, it will be necessary to switch off and relocate as well the IT and other electrical services that power the equipment and ensure that they function as required (Oglesby et al, 2009, p. 71). The learning institution heavily depends on the IT and other electrical connections and services and being very sensitive aspect in the building and construction, it will necessitate that a facilitating contract be entered into between the employer and a registered specialist to undertake the switch off without causing material damage and delays in the delivery of the mandate of the university. Such contract should contain provisions that speak to the time, manner and cost of such switch off and reconnection on the temporary structures as well as the existing structures if such connection had not been extended by the university to cover such buildings and premises (Cheung Yiu, 2013, p. 17). Some perils do happen and are normally associated with construction sites. One of those major risks is fire. The main contract should contain a provision on common perils such as fire and how they should be prevented and/or managed if in any case they occur. The risk and liability arising from an outbreak of fire needs to shared between the contractor and the sub contractor. Under JCT, clause 6.18 makes it mandatory for construction contracts to have provisions that speak to and comply with the joint fire code and any of the amendments likely to be made on the code from time to time. Acts that are considered as breach to the fire code and the actions that should be taken when fire eventually breaks are provided for under clause 6.19 and contracts should fully adopt them (Jones, 2014, p. 15). Other than complying with and incorporating the provisions of the joint fire code into the contract document, insurance can also mitigate loss occasioned by fire outbreaks (Kumaraswamy, 2011, p. 101). In the case of Six Continents Retail Ltd v Carford Catering Ltd (2003), the court considered a dispute on fire resulting from fire outbreak where the defendants, who had been contracted by the plaintiffs to carry out finishing works in the kitchen were sued after fire outbreak a few days after they had completed the works. The court found the defendants guilty for not mitigating and preventing the outbreak of the fire (Lambert White, 2012, p. 91). In the case of Mistry v Thakor (2005) EWCA Civ. 953, the plaintiff was hit and sustained injuries as a result of being fell on by a cladding from a building adjacent to where the applicant was as he walked on a public road. The court found that the property manager was guilty of negligence by failing to warn that the panels on the subject building were dangerous and could cause serious injury to passers-by. The contractor is therefore under duty to carry out construction works in such a way that the security and safety of the building, workers and members of the public is guaranteed. This would prevent injuries that would otherwise be avoided by being a little cautious (Jervis Levin, 2009, p. 19). The safety of the persons employed in the construction site should be guaranteed by the contractor. This should extend even to members of the public. While it is the responsibility of the contractor to ensure safety, the contract should give the contractor the authority of engaging safety supervisors to ensure that the site is safe and people are not exposed to instances and likelihood of sustaining injuries. Ensuring the safety of the construction site may not require the conclusion of a facilitating contract, the duties and functions of the safety supervisors can be contained in the main contract document and therefore there is no need of entering into another contract specifically for that even though the persons to be engaged might likely be those with special training and experience in ensuring that a construction site is safe (Choy Sidwell, 2011, p. 77). The new 2016 JCT contain provisions that speak to the safety as well as other important precautionary measures that should be taken to protect the health of people who are in the employment of the contractor to assist him in carrying out of the construction works, third parties and members of the public (QC, R. W. S. 2010, p. 33). The new JCT at schedule 2 require parties to a contract to create a conducive environment that guarantees better health and safety standards of all those individuals engaged in the construction works. In the case of Alfred McAlpine Construction Ltd (2001) 1 AC 518, the contractor entered into building and construction contract that required him to build a certain storey building which hosted several offices and had provision for parking places. It was held by the court that third parties are not privy to a contract and therefore have no locus standi to sue on behalf of either party except in situations where the performance of the subject matter of the contract would directly affect them (Chan Tse, 2013, p.19). Removal of asbestos Since time immemorial, asbestos had been used in undertaking constructions. But due to its poisonous nature, there was the passing of the Toxic Substances and Control Act to limit the health hazards that its use poses both to people and the environment as well. Asbestos became hazardous upon being damaged especially when the building is being demolished. The hazardous nature posed health problems to residents and occupants. This is because its fibres when released to the air are very dangerous to the health of people and causes environmental degradation (Rubin, 2013, p. 47). Before demolishing any building, the consent of the Occupational Safety and Health Commission (OSHA) has to be sought and obtained. OSHA are mandated to prescribe the best way to proceed in removal of asbestos without causing any life threatening hazards both to the people in actual occupation of the subject building, those in the employment of the contractor in undertaking such demolition and the environment at large. OSHA ensures that filters are used so as to limit and prevent the negative effects of the fibres released when a building where asbestos had been used during construction is under demolition. Other than filters, ventilation systems and enclosures also assist in minimizing the dangers posed by asbestos. The contract document should contain provisions providing for the engagement of OSHA during demolition so that OSHA can suggest best ways to undertake the demolition without exposing individuals to hazards likely to be posed by asbestos (Simon, 2009, p. 23). Removal of asbestos is likely to affect the date initially set as the completion date for the construction works. However, it should be done procedurally so that the health of other persons is not jeopardized. In the case of Education 4 Ayrshire Ltd v. South Ayrshire Council (2009), the issue was whether the contractor could be held to have committed a breach of the contract by failing to notify the employer of the likelihood of delays due to inevitable technical issues. The contractor was not aware that there existed additional asbestos that would need to be removed before continuing with the construction works. The court made a finding that the contractor was obliged to issue a written and adequate notice to the employer of such fact while informing the employer of his considered estimation of any additional timelines needed to successfully complete the works (Stipanowich, 2009, p. 45). Due to the dangerous nature of asbestos, removal of asbestos would necessitate the engagement of a specialist. A facilitating contract is therefore necessary between the specialist and the employer to provide for the most efficient and safer method of undertaking such removal. The facilitating contract would then be incorporated into the main contract by way of reference. The facilitating contract will however be under the close supervision of the main contractor to ensure that the removal is undertaken in line with the recommendations of OSHA to avoid any form of causing health problems to people and the environment (Stokes, 2009, p. 21). Initially, the 2011 JCT and its provisions were used in drafting and performance of construction contracts. The new JCT of 2016 has however made improvements and caused changes in the 2011 JCT. the new JCT is now in use due to the changes that have made contracting efficient and the performance of contracts effective. The most notable changes are on performance security, insurance, company guarantees, payments, performance bonds just to mention a few (Love et al, 2008, p. 50). The contractor is obligated by clause 7.3 of the 2016 JCT to ensure that company guarantees and performance bonds have been provided at the time when the contract is being entered into The new JCT also provides for the rights of third parties. Clause 7.4 gives third parties the right to be given warranties by the subcontractor. There is therefore a requirement that parties should when completing contracts include and incorporate Construction Regulations (Uff, 2015, p. 23). Another important change that had been introduced by the 2016 JCT is the insurance of construction works upon the commencement of the construction works. Parties have the choice to make use of say for instance the replacement schedule called C.1. The C.1 allows the party to use varied arrangements for the construction works. The arrangements allow the parties to adopt insurance plans that cover varied risks that are susceptible in the construction industry. The new JCT has also specified the manner of drafting the contracts to provide for insurance (Sykes, 2016, p. 14). The subject contract cannot therefore adopt the use of the old JCT in this particular contract since the new JCT has more comprehensive and detailed provisions that provides guarantee to the contracting parties in the performance of the contract without incurring any form of additional liability. While there is the main contract providing for the general works to be done by the main contractor and other facilitating contracts that deals with the special works such as removal of asbestos and relocation of staff and equipment (Uff, 2015, p. 41). Conclusion In summary, a construction contract is negotiated and entered into just like any other general contract. The essential elements of a contract have to exist for the said contract to be legally enforceable. The contract should also provide for the rights and responsibilities of the parties to the contract (Hughes et al, 2015, p 24). The contract should contain express provisions providing for even dispute resolution clauses so that any conflict in the performance of the contract. Most contracts adopt alternative dispute resolution most specifically arbitration which assist parties to retain the dispute resolution process under their control. References Barrie, D. S., Paulson, B. C. (2012) Professional construction management: including CM, design-construct, and general contracting McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math Bruner, P. L., O'Connor, P. J. (2012)Bruner and O'Connor on construction law(Vol. 7). West Group. Bruner, P. L., O'Connor, P (2012) Construction Law West Group Callon, M., Law, J. (2009) On the construction of socio-technical networks: Content and context revisited. Knowledge and Society, 8(1), 57-83 Chan, E. H., Tse, R. Y. (2013) Cultural considerations in international construction contracts Journal of construction engineering and management, 129(4), 375-381 Cushman, R. F., Myers, J. J. (2009) Construction law handbook (Vol. 2) Aspen Publishers Online Chan, E. H., Suen, H. C. (2015) Dispute resolution management for international construction projects in China Management Decision, 43(4), 589-602. Cheung, S. O., Yiu, T. W. (2013) Are construction disputes inevitable?. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 53(3), 456-470 Choy, W. K., Sidwell, A. C. (2011) Sources of variations in Australian construction contracts. Building Economist, 30(3), 25-30 Fenn, P., Lowe, D., Speck, C. (2011) Conflict and dispute in construction Construction Management Economics, 15(6), 513-518 Gould, N., King, C., Britton, P. (2010) Mediating construction disputes: an evaluation of existing practice. Centre for Construction Law, Kings College, London Google Scholar Hinze, J. (2010). Construction contracts McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math Howarth, T., Watson, D. P. (2009) Construction safety management Wiley-Blackwell Hughes, W., Champion, R., Murdoch, J. (2015) Construction contracts: law and management. Routledge Jervis, B. M., Levin, P. (2009) Construction law, principles and practice McGraw-Hill College. Jones, S. R. (2014). How constructive is construction law? Construction Law Journal, 10, 28-28 Kelleher Jr, T. J., Mastin, J. M., Robey, R. G., Smith, C., Hancock, L. L. P. (2014). Smith, Currie and Hancock's Common Sense Construction Law: A Practical Guide for the Construction Professional. John Wiley Sons Kumaraswamy, M. M. (2011). Common categories and causes of construction claims Construction Law Journal Kumaraswamy, M. M., Yogeswaran, K. (2008) significant sources of construction claims International construction law review Lambert, J. D., White, L. (2012) Handbook of modern construction law Prentice Hall Love, P. E., Davis, P., London, K., Jasper, T. (2008) Casual modeling of construction disputes Oglesby, C. H., Parker, H. W., Howell, G. A. (2009) Productivity improvement in construction Mcgraw-Hill College QC, R. W. S. (2010). Construction contracts: law and practice (p. 210). Oxford University Press, New York. Richter, I., Mitchell, R. S. (2012) Handbook of construction law and claims. Reston Publishing Company Robinson, N. M., Lavers, A. P. (2010) Construction law in Singapore and Malaysia Lexis Law Publishing (Va). Rubin, R. A. (2013). Construction claims: analysis, presentation, defense Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. Simon, M. S. (2009). Construction contracts and claims McGraw-Hill Companies Stipanowich, T. J. (2009) reconstructing construction law: Reality and reform in a transactional system. Wis. L. Rev., 463 Stokes, M. (2009) Construction law in contractor's language McGraw-Hill Companies Sykes, J. (2016). Claims and disputes in construction. Construction Law Journal, 12(1), 3-13 Uff, J., Odams, A. M. (Eds.) (2015) Risk, management and procurement in construction Centre of Construction Law and Management Uff, J. (2015) Construction law (pp. 63-76) London: Sweet Maxwell.

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Role of Women in Shi'a Islam - Research Paper Example There were two new major Islamic societies that emerged after Muhammad died, the Shi’a and Sunni. These societies are also Islamic in nature. It is difficult to identify a Shi’ite from a Sunni because they are almost the same in practice. More of their differences lie on the interpretation of some passages in the Quran that’s why there are some slight differences in their Islamic traditions (â€Å"The Legitimacy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Quran is the holy book of Islam religion. The Islamic societies strictly follow what is written in the book. Their way of living, principles in life, worship to God and allocation of roles are guided by the book (â€Å"The Legitimacy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ).Some passages in the book are not literal in nature that’s why there is difficulty in interpretation. This difficulty in interpretation resulted in differences of interpretation between Sunni and Shi’a. One of the differences is the interpretation of the role of women in the soci ety. The role of women in society mostly circles in the marriage. There is a tradition called Mut’a wherein a woman is married to a man for pleasure in a certain agreed time. Also the man pays the woman according to the agreed payment (â€Å"The Legitimacy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). This tradition was from one of the passages of Quran. Perceiving this tradition from a 21st century perspective, Islamic women are treated like prostitutes except that there was an actual marriage that happened between the woman and man. Analyzing the tradition of Mut’a, women can be married several times because the marriage is only under a contract. A marriage under contract may or may not be because of love. The main reason of this marriage is said to be for pleasure of the men. Another tradition in Shi’a Islam is the business of marrying a family member’s wife and taking over of the financial responsibilities. Women may be passed down within the family as long as they are not relate d in blood. Most of the time, the dowry plays a big role in marriage (â€Å"The Legitimacy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). This kind of tradition shows that women are treated like possessions and not as free people. It is also observable in Islam tradition the marrying of women in an early age. Women are being married right after reaching their puberty. This may range as early as below 10 years old as long as the girl started having puberty. It is being done to maximize the child-bearing capabilities of women for the men. Looking closer to this situation, women in Islamic societies are also treated like goods being taken care of for marriage. Women’s role, as can be viewed from their tradition, primarily concerns the pleasure of their husbands and child-bearing. However, women might not receive the exclusivity of their husbands because men in Islamic societies are polygamous. Also the sons and daughters in the family are primarily owned by the father (Offenhauer 57). The culture of Islam al so indicates the role of women in their society. Women are expected to wear long veils. This is a sign of protecting the purity of women. The men are expected to protect their wives and they are given the rights to limit the actions of their wives especially in public. One example of these is the establishment of partition between men and women (Offenhauer57). This practice shows the domination of men over women. The men being the protector of women imply that women are weaker. This limits the opportunity of women in the society. Another consequence form the early marriage of women in Islam society is

Two or More Theories of the Formation of Romantic Relationships Essay Example for Free

Two or More Theories of the Formation of Romantic Relationships Essay One theory of the formation of a romantic relationship is one put forward by Byrne and Clore called the reward/need satisfaction model. They suggested that we have relationships long term because we find them rewarding, or we don’t like the prospect of being alone. The rewards from a partner can include friendship, love and sex, or the particular person is associated with pleasant situations so then we want to spend time with them and form a romantic relationship. This can also include the satisfaction from a relationship with a person of high social status, as it would make you look good to other people. These needs can differ from person to person as to what is important. Rusbolt and Van Lange argue that rewards are important as when you do not know someone well communication can start on a ‘tit-for-tat’ basis with favours that can lead to more conversation and rewards. This was called by Clark and Mills and ‘exchange relationship’ as a relationship like this goes on it can turn to a ‘Communal relationship’ where rewards are given as a result of concern for a partner which can be an important aspect of forming a close relationship. May and Hamilton tested the good association part of the theory by getting groups of female students to look at pictures of male students and say if they like the look of them or not. One group looked at the pictures while pleasant music was being played, another group looked while unpleasant music was being played and a control group looked with no music. As predicted the group with pleasant music rated the male students the highest. This model may be very culturally bound as all the studies done were in the western world’s individualistic cultures. In other cultures one partner may not expect rewards and may be entirely giving, or arranges marriages will also go against this theory as the long term is made to happen. It suggests that these relationships are likely to be formed where partners meet each other’s needs even though they have different views about when this becomes important. It is argued that long-term happy relationships have needs met while unhappy ones have unmet needs, this was said by Smith and Mackie Another theory is the Filter Model proposed by Kerchoff and Davis; they say that relationships develop through three ‘filters’. It starts with the ‘field of availables’ which are people available for a relationship where we then filter out different partners for different reasons, so it narrows down to a ‘field of desirables’ who are the people we consider as a potential partner. The first filter involves the social model where we choose people without being aware by where they live, work, have been educated or their social class. With individual characteristics not being important at this point. Then there is similarity of attitudes and values, where a partner’s beliefs and ideas come into effect. This is where communication is easier and the relationship can progress, however if beliefs and views are very different then the relationship may not move from its current position. The final filter is the emotional needs, which is whether the people fit as a couple and can meet each other’s needs. Kerchoff and Davis used their model to do a study on students who had been together for more than or less than 18 months. They were asked to complete questionnaires over 7 months on attitudes and personality of their partners compared to theirs; it was found that this was important in relationships up to around 18 months, whereas after this psychological compatibility and ability to meet each other’s needs becomes more important supporting the filter model. However questionnaires can have bias as participants may want to shows themselves in the best light thus skewing the results, also all the participants were students so age difference in relationships was not accounted for. The filter model emphasizes the importance of demographic factors and attitudes as ‘filters’ in the development of relationships. Sprecher found that couples matched in physical attractiveness, interests and social background were more likely to develop a relationship that is long-term. Found due to his longitudinal study of couples over 21 years and found similar education and age at the start of the relationship at the start were more likely to stay together. They also gained more similar attitudes as time went on. The filter theory is also very culturally biased as other cultures ways of choosing a mate may not have anything to do with the mentioned factors due to a collectivist nature of the culture or any other differences. There is also the problem that this model generalises to every couple where there will instead be many individual differences between choices of partners.

Great Gatsbys Past & Mistakes about it Essay -- essays research papers

The Reason for the Past   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the words of Jan Gildewell, â€Å"You can clutch the past so tightly to your chest, that it leaves your arms too full to embrace the present.† Jay Gatsby in the book The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, didn’t only cling to the past and forget about the future but also tried to recreate it. There are symbols from Gatsby’s past that display his yearning for a different life all through this piece of literature. Gatsby’s mind can only conceive one way to change his current and undesired path of existence, and that single idea is to recreate and modify his past. In the act of trying to bring back the past he ends up dead. Before the book actually introduces Gatsby it shows a symbol of his desire to change what is history, although the reader doesn’t recognize it until the end of the book. That sacred idol is mentioned, but not noted, for the first time when Nick arrives home and sees Gatsby for the first time, a well dressed young man standing on his lawn and then it reads, â€Å"—he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and far as I was from him I could have sworn he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seaward—and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock.†(Page 25-26) The next bit of significant history that can be found is the first of the many flashbacks that symbolize the precise moment Gatsby wants to relive. â€Å"When I came op...

Technologyâ€Ups Competes Globally with Information Technology:

Technology—UPS Competes Globally with Information Technology: The website is pretty straight forward and easy to navigate. UPS has spent a lot of time and millions of dollars making a website user friendly and easy to use for all customers, whether small, large, international, etc. What Services does Website Provide? 1. Individuals. Individual shippers can check time in transit zones, how long it will take to ship a package to a particlar destination, costs of that shipment, and can even keep a mail list directly on-time for frequently used shipment addresses. The website will till you prices for each service such as ground, 3 Day Select, 2 Day Air or 1 Day Air overnight†¦ even Sonic Air which can move stuff in just hours. 2. Small businesses. Can do all things an individual user can plus track shipments, maintain contact lists, offer multiple options of transportation to the end user. The customers can even get notified through email and texts the location of their shipment or any delays, this is invaluable for UPS’s just-in-time logistics world. 3. Large businesses. Large business can track large volume of shipments using a service call Quantum View. It will track delivery performance, track exceptions during the delivery cycle, and get notified on key service thresholds. It can monitor shipping trends, zones, and potential help analyze the cheapest and most effective way to use all of UPS's services. Many large customers have volume discounts, incentives and all that can be managed within the UPS information network. I think the newly updated website has offered customers a lot of options and help clarify the complicated world of logistics†¦ specially international shipping and brokerage. UPS have actually won some awards in the internet world for our user friendly website. It is important to mention the international support the UPS can give a start up company. To many customers, information regarding a package is almost as important as the package itself. UPS has invested in scanning and tracking technologies to provide up to the minute information on where each package is while in the UPS system. If there are weather or service delays, that is tracked as ell and can even prompt a message to the receiver and shipper. Large companies also benefit from the full array of UPS's extensive portfolio, such as freight, ocean and air, trade direct, international brokerage, banking, logistics management, billing, managing customer databases, etc. UPS have logistics specialists that work with new companies to assist them in all the customs, brokerage, transportation, warehousing, payments, security, delivery, inventory managing, etc. all while doing business internationally. UPS has worked hard to offer customers a â€Å"one-stop-shop† so their customers won't need to look elsewhere for part of there logistics needs. UPS try to develop a deep, integrated relationship with each customer by developing value based solutions that support their business and in turn gives them business. If businesses grow, UPS grow, that is their motto. UPS have also business development associates that work with each customer and they become the one â€Å"go to† person for all issues when it comes to trade and transportation. It is almost like a partnership to help navigate the complicated world of logistics and shipping. UPS want business to focus on their core competency while they take over almost everything else, some large companies that have a deep relationship with UPS that they rarely talk about: Nike, DELL, IBM, Amazon, Ford, Williams Sonoma, Costco, HP, Verizon, Apple, ATT, etc. UPS also handle almost all of their logistics needs so they focus on what they do best. A department that I specially think is very important and unique in UPS is the overnight just in time world of UPS. They help manage the airline for them. UPS handle the most critical time sensitive shipments for their customers, such as machine parts, medical supplies, prescriptions, healthcare stuff, legal documents, etc. whatever needs to be there tomorrow for something urgent. UPS started the airline in 1987 and have grown to 245 jets and the largest cargo airline fleet in the world. Some trade direct stuff: Get Time Back on Your Side When doing business in North America, bypassing distribution centers and shipping direct to retail stores or end consumers can result in a competitive advantage. As your merchandise flows between the U. S. Canada, and Mexico borders, UPS Trade Direct ® Cross Border can eliminate inefficiencies in your North American supply chain. This results in a cost savings to you and enhanced service for your customers. Streamlined Supply Chain Let UPS act as your single source for cross-border supply chain management needs. From pickup to delivery across the Mexico/U. S. and Canada/U. S. borders, UPS Trade Dire ct Cross Border is the integrated solution that lets you focus on improving service to your customers. Definitely the UPS website is one of the most powerful tools of the company in order to attract and keep their customers loyalty.

Course Work on Gun Control

Example of Course Work on Gun Control Introduction Gun control is one of the most controversial issues in the United States today. The topic of gun control is a debate between the gun rights lobby and a variety of gun control activists. The stance of these two groups is usually diametrically opposed. The pro-gun lobby refuses to compromise and those in favor of control and regulation of firearms have different agendas leading to a wide variety of proposed laws and policies (DeGrazia, 2014). The proponents of gun control often argue that the widespread possession and use of firearms increases the danger of suicides and homicides. High levels of gun related mortality and injury have been cited as the primary impetus for gun control. Opponents of restrictions on firearms believe that gun control laws do not decrease the chances of murder, suicide, or gun-related injuries. Pro-gun activists view any gun control regulation as an infringement on the rights of people and society (Soraghan, 2000; Wohlers, 2013). The question of whether or not gun control policies are a viable threat to gun ownership is yet unanswered. Despite the several research studies carried out over a lengthy time period conclude that data on the subject is still problematic. However, a recent study of more than twenty-one nations found that there is a definite correlation between gun ownership and gun-related injuries (Moorhouse et al, 2006). Gun control policies vary dramatically between countries with some nations enforcing many laws and regulations regarding the ownership, manufacturing, sale, and use of firearms. In Europe, for example, guns are tightly regulated where as in the United States there are few restrictions and guns are widely available (DAgostino, 2000; Esposito et al 2014). Policy Paradox The ideas and framework for policy evaluation as delineated by Deborah Stone in Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making is useful in analyzing gun control policies (Stone, 2002). Four constructs are used in this framework. These constructs are used to explain how political policy reasoning is often quite different from what scholars and others consider rational, logical reasoning. When examing using the first construct of policy paradox, gun control laws, and regulations in the United States are revealed as largely motivated by politics rather than rational reasoning. This is one reason that gun control is such a controversial topic in America, because the National Rifle Association (NRA), a political lobby group with great power and little logic offers pro-gun reason that promote their goal using fear and innuendo in order to achieve the impractical goal of unlimited guns for everyone (Levs 2013). Model of Reasoning Opposing the NRA and other pro-gun lobbyists is an amorphous group of people and organizations that point up the devastation caused by the lax gun laws in the United States. These groups suffer from a lack of cohesion and systematically defined goals. They all arrive at similar conclusions in regards to the need to regulation firearms in the United States, however the multiplicity of their perspectives results in little or convoluted policy proposals. Josh Levs discussion in Loaded Language Poisons Gun Debate points up how both sides in the gun control debate resort to such emotional appeals and appear to have no middle ground whatsoever. Because neither side in the policy debate is using rational arguments or even speaking the same language, the debates storms along via the media with little being accomplished in terms of policy-making. As David DeGrazia points out in his article, The case for moderate gun control the pro-gun lobby in the United States reacts with illogical and unfounded arguments against any sort of gun ownership regulations, even moderate ones (DeGrazia 2014). The NRA for example does not want limits placed on gun use and ownership even as it relates to children, mentality ill person, or people with criminal records. Furthermore, the NRA and other gun enthusiasts see no reason that people, including children, should not be allowed to own and operate machine guns. This stance was made clear after a 9-year-old girl in the United States lost control of her Uzi submachine gun during a shooting lesson and sprayed the area with bullets, killing, of all people, her shooting instructor. Another tragic incident of a child attempting to control an automatic weapon in the United States involved an 8-year old boy. The boy died when he lost control of a 9-millimeter Uzi, sprayed bullets, and shot himself in the head (McGee Santosaug, 2014). After both incidents, the pro-gun lobby loudly proclaimed that there should not be regulations against children using firearms simply because of a couple of instances in which children mishandled the weapons. For gun aficionados, freedom of gun ownership overrides public wellbeing and safety concerns. Model of Society The second construct as it plays out in the gun control debate, particularly in the United States, is one that demonstrates how self-interested NRA and pro-gun lobbyists design their arguments. Pro-gun supporters exploit the idea that gun control would circumvent and eventually eliminate personal freedom and individual rights. These self-styled gun rights supporters maintain that gun control would lead to the installation of a fascist and/or totalitarian regime takeover of the country (Goss, 2004). The NRA invokes the demons of Hitler and Nazis, claiming that gun control supporters would force citizens to wear nametags. Even the most minor legislation proposed in regards to gun control is portrayed as a means by which authorities would confiscate all privately owned weapons (Goss, 2004). The NRA tends to be populated by men and women who adhere to a hyper-masculinized version of American culture, they detest groups, and individuals who propose gun control, inhering that those groups are filled with sissified males and weak females. Womens groups that advocate for gun ownership regulations and ownership requirements are referred to as Commie Mommies who favor totalitarian measures and are unpatriotic (Goss, 2004, p. 682). Contrasted with the individual rights adherents are groups such as is are womens coalitions who subscribe to the polis model of society is defined by community, in which collective groups act both in public and self-interest (Stone, 2002). The lobby group Moms Demand Action for Gun Sense in America was one of many womens organizations that flew into action after the 2012 Newton school massacre in the United States, which left 27 children and teachers dead. The paradox of the policy stance of Moms Demand Action, for example, is that the group declares it will fight the NRA using common sense (Follman, 2014). This is another example of how the opposing sides of the gun debate are not speaking the same language, the NRA Is not promoting common sense. The NRA is promoting fear. Many NRA members are motivated to support pro-gun collective action and rhetoric simply out of loyalty to the group, enthusiasm for their guns, or because they are someway making a profit off the sale of weapons. Groups like Moms Demand Action are motivated to accomplish social change through enlightenment and education after which they believe common sense will prevail. However, what these womens coalitions have failed to comprehend is signified by the pro-gun lobbyists who label them Commie Mommies (Goss, 2004, p. 682). Model of Policy Making One viewpoint regarding gun control policy-making is that the regulations should be based on rational and logical decisions. Gun control advocates issue a stream of data demonstrating that where there is less gun control there are more gun-related crimes, injuries, and deaths. To them then the conclusion is obvious, increased gun control is a positive step. This type of reasoning assumes that politicians and lawmakers create public policy using a fairly orderly sequence of stages (Stone, 2002, p.10). If gun controls laws were indeed based on a rational analysis of the harm done by guns then the debate would be almost over. If gun controls laws and gun control advocates had clear and consistent goals, then the political debate would be more coherent. However, pro-gun lobbyists do not view increased more gun-related crimes, injuries, and deaths as being more important than the right to own firearms. Gun control advocates do not all have the same goals. The result of these different valuations is that policy-making debates degenerate to a battle of philosophies, values, ideas, categories, and minutia. The end result is a disorganized and ineffective process, which for all intents and purposes leave the status quo unchanged. One element that compounds the problem is the many different categories of guns and firearms as well as the wide variety of proposals for gun control. When opinions are so diverse, it is difficult if not impossible to develop shared objectives and move forward with collective action. According to Moms in Arms, after the Newton shootings legislators in the states of Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, and New York all passed legislation designed to stop gun sellers from avoiding customer background checks. Within weeks of making background checks mandatory in Colorado, over 160 convicted felons, domestic abusers, and others who are automatically banned from purchasing firearms were denied sales. The states of Washington and Wisconsin, policy-makers and lawmakers joined together with citizen groups to pass laws that prohibit persons convicted of domestic violence from purchasing and owning weapons (Follman, 2014). While preventing persons known to have a predilection for violence and unlawful behaviors seems like a positive result to groups such as Moms in Arms, it is viewed in the negative by the NRA. To the NRA, whether a person is law-abiding or not does not matter, everyone has the right to be a gun owner. This demonstrates how complicated a debate without common definitions, objectives, and solutions can become. The fact that right and wrong are contextual, even dynamic concepts leads to an argument between gun enthusiast and pro-control advocates that breaks down because the groups are not speaking the same language and have dramatically diverse and inimical perspectives. The policy paradox that results is one typified by incompatible interpretations and contradictions. On one side is a plethora of gun control proposals and on the other side is a rigid stance against any gun control whatsoever. Objective and Neutral Standards The criteria by which lawmakers establish criteria for evaluating gun control policy-making is erroneously assumed to be based on considerations other than political self-interests (Stone, 2002, p.12). Nothing could be more naive or farther from the truth. The groups in favor of policies that restrict and regulate guns see the issue as one of public safety and security. The pro-gun lobby sees the issue as one of personal liberty. Thus, the policy debates are bot about regulations, they are about morality and democratic freedom. This explains why there are no solid solutions to the problem of gun control being discussed in the United States. The United States gun control debate is not the only debate about firearms regulations in the world. It may, however, be the loudest because of the NRA. Because the gun debate is so polarized in the United States, scholars have looked to other countries in order to evaluate the firearms issues elsewhere. The 2007 mass shooting at the Virginia Tech college campus caught the attention of people around the world (Wohlers, 2013). However, in the United States, the only result was a burst of hysterical rhetoric from the pro-gun lobby that the incident would be used to circumvent constitutionally guaranteed freedoms. A situation much like the 2007 Virginia Tech shooting had occurred in Montreal Canada in 1989 resulting in a complete revamping and creation of a nationwide firearms policy. The Montreal Massacre, as it was dubbed by the press, occurred in the School of Engineering at the University of Montreal. A mentally deranged gunman killed 14 female college students. The gunman entered a campus classroom and separated the men from the women at gunpoint. Then he ordered the women to stand in a line against the wall, firing squad style, and opened fire on them with his semi-automatic rifle (Wohlers, 2013). The tragedy in Canada caused people there to put ethnic, cultural, and even generational differences aside in order to develop meaningful gun control policies. The United States supplies violent gun-riddled movies, television shows, and video games to countries around the world. Those countries have their share of mentally ill and criminals, but no countries have as high a rate as mass murder by gun as the United States. The reason other countries do not have as much gun-related crime is because they have stricter gun control policies and laws. By comparing the policies of a few other countries, researchers have developed a profile by which to better understand why policy in the United States is so stunted. Australia Historically Australia has had a lot of guns, almost 3.5 million as of recent reports. Statistics from Australia indicate that that country suffered 30 murders in which the killer used a gun in 2010. Australia has made great strides in passing coherent gun control laws and regulations. However, this change did not occur until after many mass shooting sprees finally wore the pro-gun lobby down to the point of compromise. In fact, it was the 1996 shooting of 58 people at an Australian tourist spot that finally tipped the scale of public opinion and therefore political opinion in favor of gun control (Leigh and Neill, 2010). In 1996, a gunman who was a mentally ill and filled with rage went on a rampage. He first killing an elderly couple who were on vacation. Then he went and had lunch at a cafe. After lunch he started shooting people in the cafe After shooting multiple cafe diners, he went into a gift shop where he continued to shoot and kill tourists. He moved about freely with his weapon when outside because some people assumed he was simply rabbit hunting. Firearms were so loosely regulated by the Australian authorities at the time that the gun did not register with some people as a potential threat (Leigh and Neill, 2010). The shooter in fact had multiple guns. The gunman carried ample ammunition, ammunition also not being well regulated in Australia at the time, allowing the gunman to reload. He shot people in a parking lot, in tour buses, and in passing cars. He shot and killed a mother and her two small children. This shooter was well armed and he was relentless. As the day progressed, he went to a gas station and took a hostage whom he later shot to death. Before the gunman was finally stopped, he had shot 58 people, men, women and children, killing 35 of them (Leigh and Neill, 2010). The 1996 incident was the final straw in the gun control debate in Australia. Politicians and lawmakers bowed to public pressure to pass legislation and regulations on purchasing guns. Even the pro-gun lobby there decided to become agreeable to stricter gun control laws. New regulations in Australia bar private citizens from buying and owning automatic and semi-automatic weapons. In order to purchase a gun there a person must apply, go through a waiting period, and obtain a license. The government instituted a buyback program to encourage people to turn in their automatic and semi-automatic weapons. In order to obtain a license the purchaser must show just cause for owning a weapon. The death by gun rate in Australia has steadily declined and now sits at about 0.13 gun deaths every year per every 100,000 people there (Leigh and Neill, 2010).   Japan In Japan, civilians are barred from owning automatic and semi-automatic weapons, machine guns, handguns, rifles, and swords without a license. The penalties of caught with one of these weapons is severe, up to 10 years in jail. The rate of gun homicides in Japan is one or two deaths per year. The application process to buy a firearm in Japan is extensive. In order to handle someone elses gun, a person must possess a license. Besides the coursework, there are written tests. An in person mental health interview is conducted at a medical facility and drug tests are administered (Leigh and Neill, 2010). In Japan, the background check takes the form of a police investigation. Inquiries are made of the applicants relatives and any organizations that the applicant may be long to. If the organization is deemed to be too political or too prone to activism, the gun application will be denied. The investigation includes an inspection of the location where the gun is to be stored and where the ammunition is to be stores. If a permit is issued, these storage locations, along with the gun, are inspected yearly. The gun owner is required to maintain their permit by taking classes and tests tri-annually (Leigh and Neill, 2010).   United Kingdom The United Kingdom suffers approximately 0.07 gun homicides per 100,000 people per year. The United States rate of gun-related homicides is 42 times that rate. The United Kingdom has strict gun control policies that are vigorously enforced. For example, there is a prohibition against people owning high-powered guns for personal use including machine guns, pump-action rifles, and semi-automatic weapons. There are also gun size restrictions (Leigh and Neill, 2010). Another example of successfully negotiated gun policy in the United Kingdom is the requirement that all British citizens who want to buy a firearm must pass a background check. Additionally, all gun owners must possess a valid Firearm Certificate. Requirements to obtain a Firearms Certificate include being at least 15-years of age, having a place to store the firearm that is secure and safe from tampering, and they must have a reason to own a firearm. Additionally, applicants must have two letters of reference. The Firearms Certificate is good for 5 years. Most importantly, anyone who wants to buy a gun must pass a criminal background check. Persons who have been convicted of a crime cannot buy or handle a gun a five-year period. Persons convicted of a crime that resulted in a prison sentence of three years or more are barred for life from owning a gun (Leigh and Neill, 2010).   Canada In Canada, there are approximately 0.5 gun homicides per 100,000 people per year. That rate is much higher than the rate in the United Kingdom; however, it is still 6 times lower that of the United States. The higher rate of gun deaths in Canada compared to the United Kingdom correlates to the more widespread gun ownership in Canada. While there is a debate in Canada about whether people have a legal right to own a firearm, there is not the feverish rhetoric found there that typifies the NRAs propaganda campaign in the United States (Leigh and Neill, 2010). There is a six-day waiting period in Canada to buy a gun. There is also compulsory licensing. Canadians must have references and complete a gun training and safety course. In Canada, the sixty-day waiting period is used to notify the gun applicants spouse or next-of-kin that the person has applied to buy a gun. The background check in Canada is extensive and includes a criminal records, mental health records, and addiction treatment records. Automatic denials for gun ownership apply to persons with domestic violence histories. The types of weapons banned from civilian ownership include all automatic and most semi-automatic weapons, snub-nosed handguns, handguns, rifles, and shotguns. Most semi-automatic assault weapons are also banned (Leigh and Neill, 2010).   Political Considerations Pressure on regional politicians results in less than rational policymaking decisions. For example, in response to the Newton Connecticut massacre of schoolchildren and teachers at an elementary school the New York Times published a survey article about how easily automatic weapons were obtainable in the state of Connecticut. The response by local gun enthusiasts was typical of their uncompromising stance. In a letter to the editor John T. Wilson complained that the gun laws in Connecticut were already too strict in regards to the ownership of automatic weapons. Wilson cited what he considered the onerous process by which someone in that state must endure to have and own a machine gun (Wilson 1993). According to Wilson after purchasing, the desired machine gun the store clerk hands the new owner and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Form and fingerprint cards. The writer than goes on to make the illogical connection between machine gun ownership and Porsche ownership, declaring that no one is lobbying to outlaw Porsches even though they can accelerate up to speeds in excess of 55 mile per hour (Wilson 1993). The fact that no one ever went on a mass killing spree seems to elude the write. Additionally the writer does not even mention the tragic deaths associated with gun shooting sprees, despite the fact that many people across the United States are doomed to a life of grief and mourning because of gun violence. This is an example of how pro-gun enthusiasts are completely blind when it comes to their guns. It is also an example of why there is not rational discourse in the United States about gun control laws; this irrational rhetoric has proven extremely effective for the NRA and pro-gun lobbyists. A 1994 New York Times article offered an overview of legislation passed by the United States Congress in response to public pressure for stricter gun laws after the Newton School Massacre. One of the issues that changed public opinion and therefore political opinion about the NRA was a campaign in which the NRA issued statements in response to a group called Handgun Control. The NRA claimed that this group was demanding a ban on the sale and wearing of camouflage clothing and the closure of all shooting ranges in the United States. Investigators discovered that the group Handgun Control was a fake organization created on the internet by the NRA specifically designed to discredit the gun control lobby (Opinion, 1994). Because of the disgust at these maneuvers by the NRA, public opinion shifted in favor of gun laws. However, the vote on the regulations against assault weapons was passed under protest of many members in Congress from states where the politics are definitely pro-gun. The goal of the pro-gun law lobby in this case was to build on the requirements of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, which built on the weak Gun Control Act of 1968. The Brady Law enacted a 5 day waiting period before a person can buy a firearm. Police and others have complained that this is much too short a time in which to provide a report on the safety of an individual (Opinion, 1994). Additionally, the Brady Law is not universally enforced across the United States. Many of the provisions in the Brady Law became null in 1998. Discussions in Congress and in the political arena have discussed the sale of firearms by non-traditional and private vendors. Some groups lobbied to control the sale of firearms at swap meets, from the trunks of cars, and from private homes and garages. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms funding was eviscerated by former President Bush in an effort to appeal to his pro-gun constitutions and political supporters. Many senators have pointed out that it is not expedient for them and others to be in favor of gun laws; it therefore makes the passage of new laws less than realistic in the irrational debate over gun control in the United States (Opinion, 1994). Such irrational demands have been associated with gun control legislation, such as demanding that the legislation be approved by committees irrelevant to the issues such as the House Energy and Commerce Committee, which has been chaired by board members from the NRA (Opinion, 1994). Political considerations in the United States continue to outweigh the need for a consensus on gun control regulations. Every regulation that is proposed it nit-picked into oblivion by NRA lobbyists and NRA supported politicians. The Newtown Connecticut Massacre increased the volume of the gun control debate in the United States, but the actual changes in gun policy did not change in a way that was commensurate with the tragic death of schoolchildren and teachers. Conflicting definitions, principles, and perspectives about what is important have resulted in a policy dilemma. Many articles and books point out that the United States pro-gun culture has encourage a political culture that is also pro-gun. Esposito and Finley (2014) describe the United States as a country of people who accept, the dangers of big government, the virtues of rugged individualism and self-reliance, and gun violence as a personal problem involving evil, sick, or irresponsible individuals (p. 74). United States males are described as hyper-masculine and the pro-gun stance is a direct result of ideological forces and social structures that, among other things, erode social bonds, encourage hyper-individualism, and normalize a survival of the fittest ethic (Esposito and Finley, 2014, p. 74). American gun culture is tied to the idea of individual freedom and liberty. The beliefs and values of the pro-gun lobby and pro-gun politics are supported because it is associated with the notion that individuals and individual rights are the most important factor in political decisions. This has resulted in a culture in which self-interest is tantamount and social justice is largely irrelevant. Culture in the United States has come to associate gun rights as being akin to freedom of religion, therefore causing guns and gun ownership to take on a sacred aspect (Esposito and Finley, 2014). Once the sacred enters the discussion rational reasoning falls by the wayside. Second Amendment A discussion about gun control does not proceed in the United States without the pro-gun lobby invoking the Second Amendment. In the United States Constitution, the Second Amendment states, A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Various interpretations of this short statement by the pro-gun lobby include the idea that guns are a personal liberty and a right. However, scholars such as Esposito and Finley (2014) point out that the Second Amendment was designed to empower white males so that they could take up arms against a tyrannical government and defend themselves against uprising by non-whites (for example, Indian tribes and African slaves). In the 1970s, the NRA evolved from being primarily a sports organization to a far right pro-gun lobby involving the Second Amendment aspect (Esposito and Finley, 2014, p. 80). Esposito and Finley (2014) credit former President Ronald Reagan with paving the way for the pro-gun lobby and the empowerment of the white male hyper-masculine perspective by terminating many welfare programs and emphasizing self-reliance and personal freedom that evolved into hedonistic materialism, rabid individualism, extreme competition, and narcissism (p. 80). This political rhetoric and the consequent cultural changes resulted in the problem faced by groups that propose even moderate gun control measures because the United States has become characterized by hyper-masculine ideas about liberty. In conclusion, the conflicting viewpoints on gun control in the United States are irreconcilable because on one hand the pro-gun lobby sees guns rights as more important that social justice. On the other hand , the gun control lobby keeps offering up statistics on the continued shooting deaths of innocent people in the United States, evidence and data that prove gun control reduces gun deaths, and additional information about how lives could be save if gun control laws were passed. The pro-gun gun lobby does not care how many people are shot to death, those deaths are not as important as the right to have guns. Gun control advocates argue that there is no right to own guns and so the debate devolves into irrationality. Changes to Policy-Making Suggestion to policy makers on how they should approach decisions with regard to gun control include basic changes in the current decision-making approaches. Gun control regulation should not be left to the Federal government and Congress only. This has proved to be a dilemma without resolution. By addressing the issue at the state and local level, politicians and lawmakers can pass regulations that reduce gun ownership and therefore reduce gun violence. By responding to the needs of the community policy makers can keep their constituents safer. This approach has proved effective in places such as Connecticut and Colorado, but unfortunately, this very reasonable approach to gun regulation was not even attempted until after mass shootings resulted in enormous public pressure. Policy-Making at State and Local Levels Addressing the issue at the state and local level does not mean that efforts at the national level should be abandoned. Lobbyists need to continue to pressure Congress and the Executive Branch into passing legislation that will support the efforts made to reduce gun violence at the local and state level. This may mean conducting more research or having on-going research projects at the national level. However, ample evidence and data is available worldwide that proves a reduction in the number of guns and gun owners correlates to a reduction in gun violence. Because the federal government has continually cut the budget of the agencies that enforce gun control, such as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives need to be rebuilt. A campaign that functions on multiple levels will be most effective when trade local and state policymakers to take action. This may mean that gun control lobbies continue to collect regionally specific data about gun sales, gun related crimes and arrests, the records of persons who commit gun related crimes prior to their purchase of a weapon or weapons, and violations of background check policies. By building up this type of a data bank, lobbyists will be better able to present their cases and demand that lawmakers pass the appropriate policies. Activists need to work to strengthen existing laws and passing new restrictions against the practice of carry-concealed weapons. Concealed carry laws are already on the books. These laws need to be more vigorously enforced. Additionally, persons who have concealed carry permits need to have those permits reviewed regularly to ensure that there is just cause for carrying a concealed weapon. Background checks for concealed carry permits need to require a longer waiting period so that law enforcement and assigned agencies have ample time to complete an investigation. The computer information systems that provide information about arrest records, felony convictions, and violent crimes need to be consolidated and modernized to facilitate the background checks. Lobbyists need to address the issue of adding juvenile crime records and medical records to the background checks in order to stop persons with a violent past from obtaining a concealed carry permit and possibly a gun at all. By beginning with smaller more precise goals at local and state levels, meaningful change is more likely to occur. The national debate about gun control has reached such levels of irrationality and hysteria, that by regrouping and presenting sound, conclusive data to a smaller audience rational policymaking may occur. Gun control groups need to attempt to collaborate with each other to develop and more well-defined and cohesive list of goals and strategy. It is pointless for gun control lobbyists to attempt to persuade pro-gun activists. Gun control lobbyists are more likely to succeed in actual policymaking if they work to pursued each other to collaborate. The wishes of individuals, groups, and communities who have experienced gun violence or who want to prevent gun violence are extensive and multifaceted. That is why groups need to come together and compromise on their goals so that they can articulately and judiciously promote policymaking. References DAgostino, J.,A. (2000). Conservative spotlight: Women against gun control. Human Events, 56, 22-22. DeGrazia, D. (2014). The case for moderate gun control. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 24(1), 1-25. Esposito, L., Finley, L. L. (2014). Beyond Gun Control: Examining Neoliberalism, Pro-Gun Politics And Gun Violence In The United States. 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